An Investigation of Historical Lexical Borrowing Between Igbo and Neighboring Languages
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Background of the Study
Igbo, one of Nigeria’s major languages, has long been in contact with neighboring languages such as Yoruba, Edo, and others. Historical lexical borrowing has enriched Igbo’s vocabulary, contributing to its dynamic evolution. Early trade, intermarriage, and cultural exchanges facilitated the flow of linguistic elements across ethnic boundaries, resulting in loanwords that often reflect socio-economic and cultural phenomena (Okafor, 2023). These borrowings are evident in areas such as commerce, technology, and modern lifestyle, highlighting the adaptive nature of Igbo. Over time, the integration of these words has not only filled lexical gaps but also influenced the phonological and morphological patterns of Igbo. Despite the visible impact, systematic investigations that track the diachronic process of lexical borrowing remain limited. Recent studies emphasize the need for a comprehensive analysis to understand the historical trajectories and mechanisms behind these borrowings (Nwachukwu, 2024; Eze, 2025). This research aims to explore the linguistic evidence preserved in historical documents and oral traditions to chart the evolution of Igbo vocabulary influenced by neighboring tongues.
Statement of the Problem
Although lexical borrowing in Igbo is widely acknowledged, there is a scarcity of in-depth research that systematically documents these exchanges. Many existing studies focus on contemporary borrowings, leaving a gap in understanding the historical evolution of Igbo vocabulary (Okafor, 2023). The lack of a comprehensive diachronic analysis hampers our ability to trace the influence of neighboring languages on Igbo. This deficiency limits effective language preservation and educational initiatives aimed at highlighting Igbo’s rich linguistic heritage.
Objectives of the Study
- To identify and categorize lexical borrowings in Igbo from neighboring languages.
- To analyze the historical mechanisms and contexts behind these borrowings.
- To assess the impact of lexical borrowing on the evolution of Igbo vocabulary.
Research Questions
- What are the key lexical items borrowed into Igbo from neighboring languages?
- What historical factors facilitated these borrowings?
- How has lexical borrowing influenced Igbo language evolution over time?
Significance of the Study
This study provides vital insights into the dynamics of language contact and lexical evolution in Igbo. By elucidating historical borrowing patterns, it supports language preservation, informs educational curriculum development, and contributes to broader contact linguistics research. The findings will benefit linguists, educators, and policymakers in promoting a deeper understanding of Igbo’s linguistic heritage.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focuses on historical lexical borrowing in Igbo influenced by selected neighboring languages. It does not address other linguistic aspects such as syntax or phonology, and is limited to documented historical sources.
Definitions of Terms
- Lexical Borrowing: The process by which one language adopts words from another.
- Diachronic Analysis: The study of language change over time.
- Igbo Language: A major Nigerian language spoken predominantly in southeastern Nigeria.
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